BABUR– 1526-1530 AD

EARLY LIFE-

• MUGHAL EMPIRE WAS ESTABLISHED BY JAHIRUDDIN BABUR.
• BABUR WAS BORN ON 24^th FEBRUARY 1483 AD.
• THE FATHER OF BABUR WAS UMAR SHEIKH MIRZA.
• IN 1494 AD HE BECAME THE RULER OF FARGANA.
• HE HOLDS THE TITLE OF BADSHAH IN 1507 AD.
• HE GAVE ONE SILVER COIN TO EACH CITIZEN OF KABUL TO COMMEMORATE THE VICTORY OVER INDIA.
• VIKRAMJIT SINGH THE RULER OF GWALIOR SNATCHED THE KOHINOOR DIAMOND FROM HUMAYUN.
• HE USED GAZ-I-BABRI SCALE TO MEASURE LAND.

HIS SONS

• BABUR HAD FOUR SONS- HUMAYUN, KAMRAN, ASKARI AND HINDAL.

BATTLES

• HIS FIRST ATTACK ON INDIA ON YUSUFJAI PEOPLE AFTER THAT HE ANNEXED BAJOR AND BHERA AREAS.
• RANA SANGA AND DAULAT KAHAN THE GOVERNOR OF LAHORE INVITED BABUR TO ATTACK ON INDIA.
• BABUR ATTACKED 5 TIMES ON INDIA.
• THE BATTLE OF PANIPAT WAS FOUGHT ON 21st APRIL 1526 AD BETWEEN BABUR AND IBRAHIM LODI. BABUR WON THIS BATTLE.
• BABUR USED TUGLAMA WAR TACTICS AND ARTILLERY IN THE FIRST BATTLE OF PANIPAT.
• HIS TWO MAIN SHOOTERS WAS MUSTFA AND USTAD ALI.
• THE BATTLE OF KHANWA WAS FOUGHT BETWEEN BABUR AND RANA SANGA IN 1527 AD.
• THE BATTLE OF CHANDERI WAS FOUGHT IN 1528 AD BETWEEN BABUR AND MEDINI RAI. BABUR WON THIS BATTLE.
• THE BATTLE OF GHAGRA WAS FOUGHT IN 1529 AD. BABUR WON THIS BATTLE. THIS BATTLE FOUGHT BETWEEN BABUR AND AFGHAN RULER SULTAN MEHMUD LODI.

LITERARY WORK

• BABUR WROTE HIS BIOGRAPHY BABURNAMA IN THE TURKISH LANGUAGE.
• ABDUL RAHIM KHANKHANA TRANSLATED BABURNAMA INTO THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
• BABUR DEVELOPS THE MUMBAIYAN STYLE OF LITERATURE.

TITLES

• HE GOT THE TITLE OF KALANDAR.
• HE HOLDS THE TITLE OF GAZI AFTER WINNING THE BATTLE OF KHANWA.

DEATH AND TOMB

• BABUR DIED AT THE AGE OF 48 ON 27th DECEMBER 1530 AD IN AGRA.
• HE WAS BURIED IN ARAMBAGH AGRA, LATER HE BURIES IN KABUL AT THE CHOSEN PLACE.
• HIS SON AND SUCCESSOR WAS HUMAYUN.

HUMAYUN- 1530-1556 AD

EARLY LIFE

• HUMAYUN GOT THE THRONE IN DECEMBER 1530 AD.
• HIS NAME WAS NASIRUDDIN MUHAMMAD HUMAYUN.
• HE WAS THE GOVERNOR OF BADAKHSHAN BEFORE HE GOT THE THRONE.
• ACCORDING TO THE WISH OF HIS FATHER, HE DISTRIBUTED THE EMPIRE BETWEEN HIS BROTHERS.
• HE GAVE KABUR AND KANDHAR TO KAMRAN, SAMBHAL WAS GIVEN TO MIRZA ASKARI, MIRZA HINDAL GOT ALWAR AND MEWAR AND HIS COUSIN MIRZA SULAMAN GOT BADAKHSHAN.
• IN 1533 AD HE ESTABLISHED DINPANAH FORT IN DELHI.

BATTLES

• HUMAYUN WAS DEFEATED IN THE BATTLE OF CHAUSA BY SHER KHAN IN 1529 AD.
• SHER KHAN HELD THE TITLE OF SHERSHAH AFTER WINNING THE BATTLE OF CHAUSA.
• THE BATTLE OF BILGRAM (KANNUJ) FOUGHT BETWEEN HUMAYUN AND SHER SHAH IN 1540 AD.
• IN THIS BATTLE HUMAYUN WAS DEFEATED BY SHERSHAH AND SHERSHAH CAPTURED AGRA AND DELHI.
• THE BATTLE OF MACCHIWARA FOUGHT BETWEEN HUMAYUN AND AFGHANS IN MAY 1555 AD.
• THE BATTLE OF SARHIND WAS FOUGHT BETWEEN AFGHAN RULER SIKANDER SUR AND BAIRAM KHAN IN 1555 AD.
• HE CAPTURED LAHORE IN 1555 AD.
• IN 1555 AD HUMAYUN DEFEATED SIKANDAR SUR THE RULER OF PUNJAB AND CAPTURED DELHI AGAIN.
• HUMAYUN REGAINED THE THRONE OF DELHI IN 23rd JULY 1555 AD.

WORKS AND BELIEFS

• HUMAYUNAMA WAS COMPOSED BY GULBADAN BEGUM.
• HE ESTABLISHED MADARSA-I-BEGUM SCHOOL IN DELHI.
• HE HAD GREAT FAITH IN ASTROLOGY SO HE WEARS DIFFERENT COLOUR DRESSES ON DIFFERENT WEEKDAYS.

AFTER LOSING DELHI

• AFTER HE GOT DEFEATED IN THE BATTLE OF BILGRAM, HE WENT TO SIND AND SPENT 15 YEARS OF HIS LIFE AS A NOMAD.
• HE MARRIED WITH HAMIDAN BEGUM THE DAUGHTER OF MIR BABA DOST THE SPIRITUAL GURU OF HINDAL.

DEATH AND TOMB

• HUMAYUN DIED DUE TO A SUDDEN FALL FROM THE STAIRS OF HIS DINPANAH’S LIBRARY IN JANUARY 1556.
• HIS LIBRARY’S NAME WAS SHERMANDAL.
• HIS TOMB IS SITUATED NEAR DINPANAH IN DELHI. IT IS A FIRST GARDEN TOMB.

SHER SHAH SURI- 1540-1545 AD

EARLY LIFE

• SUR EMPIRE WAS ESTABLISHED BY SHER SHAH SURI.
• HIS NAME WAS FARID KHAN.
• HE WAS BORN IN 1472 AD AT BAZWADA (HOSIYARPUR).
• HE WORKS AT THE COURT OF SULTAN MUHAMMAD KHAN LOHANI THE RULER OF BIHAR
• ONCE HE BRAVELY KILLED A LION AND GOT THE TITLE SHER KHAN FROM MUHAMMAD BAHAR KHAN LOHANI THE RULER OF BIHAR.
• HIS FATHER HASAN KHAN WAS A LANDOWNER AT SASARAM.
• MALIK MUHAMMAD JAISI WAS CONTEMPORARY TO SHER SHAH.

AS A RULER OF DELHI

• HE GOT THE THRONE OF DELHI AFTER WINNING THE BATTLE OF BILGRAM IN 1540 AD.
• HE STARTED AN ARMY CAMPAIGN AGAINST GHAKKAR’S BECAUSE THEY SUPPORTED THE MUGHALS.
• TO PROTECT NORTHWEST FRONTIER HE CONSTRUCTED ROHTASGARH FORT.
• HE CAPTURED RANTHOMBHOR FORT AND APPOINTS HIS SON ADIL KHAN AS GOVERNOR THERE.

HIS WORKS

• HE USED SIKANDARI GAJ TO MEASURE LAND.
• LAND REVENUE WAS 1/3 OF PRODUCE.
• HE ISSUED 178 GRAIN SILVER COINS AND 380 GRAIN COPPER COINS.
• GRAND TRUNK ROAD WAS CONSTRUCTED BY SER SHAH SURI.
• HE RENAMED PATLIPUTRA AS PATNA IN 1541 AD.
• QILA-I-KUHUNA WAS CONSTRUCTED BY HIM.
• HE STARTED THE POSTAL SYSTEM.

DEATH TOMB AND SUCCESSOR

• HE DIED IN 1545 AD AT KALINZAR FORT DUE TO THE EXPLOSION OF CANNON BALL.
• BEFORE HIS DEATH HE USED A FIREARM UKKA.
• HIS TOMB IS SITUATED AT SASARAM (IN THE CENTER OF A LAKE) IN BIHAR.
• HIS SON AND SUCCESSOR WERE ISLAM SHAH.

AKBAR 1542-1605 AD

EARLY LIFE

• AKBAR WAS BORN ON 15th OCTOBER 1542 AD AT AMARKOT IN RANA VIRSAL’S PALACE.
• AKBAR’S MOTHER’S NAME WAS HAMIDA BANO BEGUM.
• AKBAR FIRST GOT THE GOVERNORSHIP OF GAJNI AT THE AGE OF 9.
• MUNIM KHAN WAS THE GUARDIAN OF AKBAR AT GAJNI.
• HUMAYUN DECLARED AKBAR AS PRINCE AFTER AKBAR WON THE BATTLE OF SIRHIND IN 1555 AD.
• TURKISH COMMANDER BAIRAM KHAN WAS APPOINTED AS GUARDIAN OF PRINCE AKBAR.
• BAIRAM KHAN WORKS AS A GUARDIAN OF AKBAR FROM 1556 TO 1560 AD.
• AKBAR WAS MOSTLY INFLUENCED BY THE HINDU RELIGION.
• AKBAR’S FIRST CORONATION WAS HELD AT KALANOR (PUNJAB) IN 14th FEBRUARY 1556 AD.

IMPORTANT DECISIONS

• AKBAR BAN’S SLAVERY SYSTEM IN 1562 AD.
• HE FRIED HIMSELF FROM HARAMDAL IN 1562 AD.
• HE ABOLISHED THE PILGRIMAGE TAX IN 1563 AD.
• HE PROHIBITED JAZIA TAX IN 1564 AD. (NCERT TEXTBOOK MENTIONED YEAR 1579 AD).
• AKBAR STARTED DIN-I-ILAHI RELIGION IN 1582 AD.
• HE WAS THE CHIEF PRIEST AND ABUL FAZL WAS ALSO THE PRIEST OF THAT RELIGION.
• BIRBAL WAS THE FIRST AND LAST RULER WHO ADOPTED DIN-I-ILAHI RELIGION.
• BIRBAL’S REAL NAME WAS MAHESH DAS.
• HE STARTED ILAHI SAMVAT (CALENDER) IN 1583 AD.
• HE GAVE THE PERMISSION TO CONSTRUCT CHURCHES IN AGRA AND LAHORE TO CHRISTIANS.

ASSASSINATIONS

• ABUL FAZAL WAS KILLED BY BUNDELA SARDAR VIR SINGH DEV.
• BAIRAM KHAN WAS KILLED BY MUBARAK KHAN AT PATAN DURING THE PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA.
• BIRBAL WAS KILLED DURING TO SUPPRESS THE REVOLT OF YUSUFJAIES.

IMPORTANT PERSONS

• MANSINGH WAS THE ARMY COMMANDER OF AKBAR.
• TODARMAL WAS THE DIWAN OF THE EMPIRE.
• BEFORE SERVING FOR AKBAR TODARMAL SERVES FOR SHER SHAH
• HE APPOINTED BAKTUNISA BEGUM AS THE GOVERNOR OF KABUL.
• HAKIM HUKAM WAS THE CHEIF CHEF OF AKBAR’S KITCHEN.
• SUFI SAINT SHEIKH SALIM CHISTI WAS CONTEMPORARY TO AKBAR.
• JAHANGIR WAS MOSTLY INFLUENCED BY ABDUL RAHIM KHANKHANA.
• AFTER BECOMING EMPEROR AKBAR APPOINTED BAIRAM KHAN AS HIS LAWYER

ADMINISTRATION

• THE CREDIT FOR LAND REFORMS DURING AKBAR’S REIGN GOES TO TODARMAL.
• DIWAN TODARMAL STARTED DEHSALA BANDOBAST SYSTEM.
• MANSABDARI SYSTEM WAS THE MAIN FEATURE OF AKBAR’S ADMINISTRATION.
• PERSIAN WAS THE LANGUAGE OF ADMINISTRATION OF MUGHALS.

BATTLES AND VICTORY

• THE SECOND BATTLE OF PANIPAT WAS HELD ON 5th NOVEMBER 1556 AD BETWEEN HEMU AND BAIRAM KHAN.
• THE BATTLE OF HALDIGHATI WAS FOUGHT BETWEEN AKBAR AND MAHARANA PRATAP IN JUNE 1576 AD.
• AKBAR GAVE THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR KASHMIR VICTORY TO BHAGWAN DAS AND KASIM KHAN.
• KHANDESH WAS CONSIDERED AS THE GATEWAY TO THE SOUTH.
• AKBAR GOT THE VICTORY OVER KHANDESH IN 1591 AD.
• AKBAR CONSTRUCTED BULAND DARWAJA IN THE MEMORY OF GUJRAT VICTORY.

ARTISTS

• TANSEN WAS BORN IN GWALIOR. HE DEVELOPED THE DRUPAD STYLE OF SINGING.
• THE MAIN COMPOSITIONS OF TANSEN WAS MIYA KI MALHAR, MIYA KI TODI, MIY SARANG AND DARBARI KANHADA.
• TANSEN WAS THE FAMOUS MUSICIAN OF AKBAR’S COURT.
• THE FAMOUS SINGERS OF AKBAR’S PERIOD WERE TANSEN, BAJBAHADUR, BABA RAMDAS, AND BAIJU BABRA.
• ABDUSSAMAD WAS THE FAMOUS PAINTER OF AKBAR’S COURT AND OTHER PAINTERS WERE DASWANT AND BASAVAN.
• DASWANT’S PAINTINGS ARE FOUND IN HAMJNAMA, KHANDANE TEMORIYA, AND TUTINAMA.
• AKBAR GAVE IMPORTANCE TO BOTH DASWANT AND BASAVAN.
• ABDUL RAHIM KHANKHANA WAS THE BAIRAM KHAN’S SON. HE WAS A SCHOLAR AND A POET.

TITLES

• AKBAR ISSUED MAJHAR DOCUMENTS IN 1579 AD AFTER THAT HE HELD THE TITLE SULTAN-I-ADIL.
• HE HOLDS THE TITLE OF EMPEROR AFTER THE VICTORY OVER THE SOUTH.
• AKBAR GOT THE THRONE WITH THE TITLE OF JALALUDDIN MUHHAMAD AKBAR BADSHAH GAZI.

AKBAR GAVE THE TITLE OF

• KAVIPRIYA TO BIRBAL.
• MAHAPATRA TO NARHARI.
• SHIRI KALAM TO ABDUSSAMAAD.
• JADI KALAM TO MUHAMMAD HUSSAIN KASHMIRI.
• JAGADGURU TO JAINACHARYA HARI VIJAY SURI.
• KAVIRAJ AND RAJA TO BIRBAL.
• AMIR-UL-UMRA TO BHAGWAN DAS.
• KASTABHARAN VANI VILAS TO TANSEN.
• KHAN-I-KHANA TO BAIRAM KHAN.

MONUMENTS CONSTRUCTED BY AKBAR

• RED FORT OF AGRA
• HUMAYUN’S TOMB IN DELHI
• PALACE AT FATEHPUR SIKRI
• DIWANE KHAS
• BULAND DARWAJA
• IBADATKHANA
• PANCH MAHAL
• PALACE OF JODHA BAI
• ALLAHABAD FORT
• LAHORE FORT

NAVRATNA’S OF AKBAR

• BIRBAL
• TODARMAL
• TANSEN
• MANSINGH
• ABUL FAZAL
• BHAGWANDAS
• ABDUL RAHIM KHANKHANA
• HAKIM HUKAM
• MULLA DO PYAJA

TRANSLATION AND LITERARY WORK

• AKBAR’S REIGN WAS KNOWN AS THE GOLDEN PERIOD OF HINDI LITERATURE.
• AKBAR ESTABLISHED A TRANSLATION DEPARTMENT.
• AKBARNAMA AND AIN-I-AKBARI WERE WRITTEN BY ABUL FAZAL.
• RAJJNAMA IS THE PERSIAN TRANSLATION OF MAHABHARAT. TRANSLATION WORK OF DONE BY BADAYUNI, NAKIB KHAN, AND ABDUL KADIR.
• ANVAR-I-SADAT IS THE TRANSLATION OF PANCHTANTRA. IT WAS TRANSLATED BY ABUL FAZAL.
• YAR-E-DANISH IS ANOTHER TRANSLATION OF PANCHTANTRA. IT WAS TRANSLATED BY MAULANA HUSSAIN FAIZ.
• FAIZI WAS THE COURT POET OF AKBAR.

DEATH AND TOMB

• AKBAR DIED DUE TO DIARRHEA ON 21 OCTOBER 1605 AD.
• AKBAR WAS CREMATED AT SIKANDARA (NEAR AGRA).
• HIS TOMB WAS INFLUENCED BY THE BUDDHIST STYLE.
• IT WAS CONSTRUCTED BETWEEN 1605 TO 1613 AD BY HIS SON JAHANGIR.

AREA’S WON BY AKBAR

JAHANGIR 1605-1627 AD

• JAHANGIR WAS THE SON AND SUCCESSOR OF AKBAR.
• HE WAS BORN ON 30th AUGUST 1569 AD.
• HIS MOTHER’S NAME WAS MARIYAM UJJMANI.
• HE GOT THE THRONE ON 3rd NOVEMBER 1605 AD.
• HE GOT THE NAME JAHANGIR WHEN HE BECAME THE EMPEROR.
• JAHANGIR MEANS WINNER OF THE WORLD.
• AKBAR NAMED HIS SON SALIM ON THE NAME OF SUFI SAINT SHEIKH SALIM CHISTI.
• HE WAS KNOWN FOR HIS CHAIN OF JUSTICE (THIS CHAIN WAS MADE OF GOLD).
• THIS CHAIN WAS PUT FROM SHAH BURZ OF AGRA FORT TO THE BANK OF RIVER YAMUNA.
• TUJUK-E-JAHANGIRI (AUTOBIOGRAPHY) COMPLETED BY MAUTBIND KHAN.
• ASMAT BEGUM (MOTHER OF NUR JAHAN) DEVELOPED THE TECHNIQUE OF MAKING PERFUME FROM ROSES.
• ASAF KHAN WAS NUR JAHAN’S BROTHER.
• IKBALNAMA-E-JAHANGIRI WRITTEN BY MAUTBIND KHAN.

JAHANGIR’S 5 SONS

• KHUSROO
• PERVEZ
• KHURRAM
• SHAHARYAR
• JAHANDAR

ARTISTS

• PAINTERS– AGA RAZA, ABUL HASAN, MUHAMMAD NASIR, MUHAMMAD MURAD, USTAD MANSOOR, VISHANDAS, MANOHAR, GOWARDHAN, FARUKH BEG AND DAULAT.
• IN THE LEADERSHIP OF AGA RAZA JAHANGIR OPENED A PAINTING SCHOOL IN AGRA.
• MUGHAL PAINTING ART WAS AT ITS PEAK DURING JAHANGIR REIGN.

TITLES

• JAHANGIR GOT THE THRONE WITH THE TITLE NURUDDIN MUHAMMAD JAHANGIR BADSHAH GAZI.
• HE GAVE THE TITLE OF – SHER AFGHAN TO ALI KULI BEG (NUR JAHAN’S FIRST HUSBAND).
• ETMAD-UD-DAULLA TO GIYAS BEG.
• NADIR-AL-US TO USTAD MANSOOR.
• NADIRUJJMA TO ABUL HASAN.
• NUR MAHAL AND NUR JAHAN TO MEHRUNISHA.
• SHAH JAHAN TO KHURRAM (ON THE OCCASION OF VICTORY IN DECCAN).
• SHAH SULTAN TO PRINCE KHURRAM.
• MAHAVAT KHAN TO JAMAN BEG.

MARRIAGES (WIVES)

• MANBAI DAUGHTER OF RAJA BHAGWAN DAS.
• JAGAT GOSAI OR JODHA BAI DAUGHTER OF MOTA RAJA UDAY SINGH.
• MEHRUNISHA (NUR JAHAN) DAUGHTER OF MIRZA GIYAS BEG.

ARCHITECTURAL WORK-

• THE TOMB OF JAHANGIR WAS CONSTRUCTED BY NUR JAHAN AT SAHADARA LAHORE NEAR THE RAVI RIVER.
• THE TOMB OF ETMAD-UL-DAULLA WAS CONSTRUCTED BY NUR JAHAN IN 1626 AD.
• PIETRA DURA INLAY WORK WAS FIRST USED IN THE TOMB OF ETMAD-UL-DAULLA.
• SHALIMAR BAGH OF KASHMIR WAS CONSTRUCTED BY JAHANGIR.

JAHANGIR’S DECISIONS

• JAHANGIR ISSUED 12 ORDERS IN PUBLIC INTERESTS.
• HE BANS TAMAGA TAX.
• HE BANS THE SELLING OF LIQUOR AND OTHER DRUGS.
• HE BANS ANIMAL SLAUGHTERING ON THURSDAY AND SUNDAY.

EUROPEAN TRAVELLERS VISITED JAHANGIR’S COURT

• WILLIAM HAWKINS.
• WILLIAM FINCH.
• SIR TOMAS RO
• EDWARD TERI

SHAHJAHAN 1627-1657 AD

• SHAHJAHAN WAS THE SON OF JAGAT GOSAI OR JODHA BAI (MOTA RAJA UDAY SINGH’S DAUGHTER).
• HE WAS BORN ON 5th JANUARY 1592 AD.
• HIS REAL NAME WAS KHURRAM.
• HE WAS MARRIED TO ASAF KHAN’S DAUGHTER ARJUMAND BANO BEGUM (MUMTAJ MAHAL).
• HE HAD FOUR SONS AND THREE DAUGHTERS.
• HE DECLARED DARA SIKOH AS HIS SUCCESSOR.
• HE APPOINTED ASAF KHAN AS WAZIR (MINISTER).
• HE GAVE A 2 LAKHS ANNUAL PENSION TO NUR JAHAN AND WAS PERMITTED TO WENT TO LAHORE.
• HIS PERIOD WAS KNOWN AS THE GOLDEN PERIOD OF ARCHITECTURE.
• HE SHIFTED HIS CAPITAL FROM AGRA TO DELHI IN 1638 AD.
• HE ESTABLISHED SHAHJAHANABAD IN DELHI ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE YAMUNA RIVER.
• HIS PEACOCK THRONE WAS DESIGNED AND MADE BY BEBADAL KHAN.
• THE WORLD’S COSTLIEST KOHINOOR DIAMOND WAS INLAY IN THE PEACOCK THRONE.
• GOLCONDA WAS FAMOUS FOR ITS DIAMOND MARKET IN THE WORLD AT THAT TIME.
• MURSHID QULI KHAN WAS KNOWN AS THE TODARMAL OF DECCAN.
• 20 YEARS OF HISTORY OF SHAHJAHAN’S REIGN WAS WRITTEN BY ABDUL HAMID LAHORI IN HIS PADSHAHNAMA.

ADMINISTRATION

• SHAHJAHAN APPOINTED AURANZEB THE GOVERNOR OF DECCAN.
• AURANGZEB DIVIDED SOUTHERN INDIA INTO FOUR REGIONS AND MADE ITS CAPITAL AURANGABAD.
• BURHANPUR WAS THE CAPITAL OF KHANDESH.
• NANDED WAS THE CAPITAL OF TELANGANA.
• ILICHPUR WAS THE CAPITAL OF BARAR.
• AURANGZEB GAVE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF LAND REVENUE OF DECCAN TO MURSHID QULI KHAN.
• SHAHJAHAN APPOINTED MIR JUMLA AS THE PRIME MINISTER OF DECCAN.
• MIR JUMLA’S REAL NAME WAS MIR MUHAMMAD SAYYED.
• LAND REVENUE WAS COLLECTED BY THE CONTRACTORS.

IMPORTANT BUILDINGS

• TAJMAHAL WAS CONSTRUCTED BY SHAHJAHAN IN THE MEMORY OF HIS WIFE BEGUM MUMTAJ MAHAL.
• THE CHIEF ARCHITECT (DESIGNED BY) OF TAJMAHAL WAS USTAD AHMED LAHORI.
• TAJMAHAL CONSTRUCTION WAS SUPERVISED BY USTAD ISA KHAN.
• THE MAIN SOURCE OF WHITE MARBLE DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD WAS MAKRANA (JODHPUR).
• RED FORT OF DELHI.
• DIWANE AAM.
• DIWANE KHAS.
• JAMA MASJID OF DELHI. (CONSTRUCTED BY SHAHJAHAN).
• MOTI MASJID AGRA.
• JAMA MASJID OF AGRA. (CONSTRUCTED BY JAHA ARA DAUGHTER OF SHAHJAHAN).
• SHAHJAHAN CONSTRUCTED A COLLEGE IN DELHI NAMED DARUL BAKA.

TITLES

• SHAHJAHAN GOT THE THRONE WITH THE TITLE ABDUL MUZAFFAR SAHABUDDIN MUHAMMAD SAHIB KIRAN-E-SANI.
• SAHAHJAHAN GAVE THE TITLE OF- KHANKHANA TO MAHAWAT KHAN.
• GUN SAMANDAR TO MUSICIAN LAL KHAN.
• NADIR-UL-ASRA TO USTAD AHMED LAHORI.
• MALLIKA-E-JAMANI TO ARJUMAND BANO BEGUM.

ARTISTS

• MUHAMMAD FAKIR AND MIR HASIM WERE THE MAIN PAINTERS OF SHAHJAHAN’S COURT.

SUCCESSION WARS

• SUCCESSION WAR WAS STARTED IN 1657 AD. WHEN SHAHJAHAN FELL ILL.
• ON 25th APRIL 1658 AD THE BATTLE OF DHARMAT FOUGHT BETWEEN DARA AND AURANZEB. DARA WAS DEFEATED.
• ON 8tH JUNE 1658 AD THE BATTLE OF SAMUGARH FOUGHT BETWEEN DARA AND AURANGZEB. DARA WAS DEFEATED.
• ON 18th JUNE 1658 AD AURANGZEB IMPRISONED SHAHJAHAN.
• ON 12-14 APRIL 1659 AD LAST WAR OF SUCCESSION WAS HELD BETWEEN DARA AND AURANGZEB. DARA WAS DEFEATED.
• A DEATH SENTENCE WAS GIVEN TO DARA SIKOH FOR THE CHARGE OF DISREGARD FOR ISLAM.

DEATH AND TOMB

• SHAHJAHAN FELL ILL IN 1658 AD.
• ON 18th JUNE 1658 AD AURANGZEB IMPRISONED SHAHJAHAN.
• IN THE 8th YEAR OF HIS IMPRISONMENT AT RED FORT IN AGRA SHAHJAHAN WAS DIED ON 31st JANUARY 1666 AD AT THE AGE OF 74.
• HE WAS CREMATED ON THE SIDE OF HIS WIFE MUMTAJ MAHAL IN TAJ MAHAL AGRA.

AURANGZEB 1658-1707 AD

• AURANGZEB WAS BORN ON 3rd NOVEMBER 1618 AD DOHAD (UJJAIN).
• HIS MOTHER WAS MUMTAJ MAHAL.
• HIS CHILDHOOD WAS SPENT WITH NUR JAHAN.
• AURANGZEB CORONATED FOR FIRST TIME ON 31th JULY 1658 AD IN HURRY WHEN HE HAD CAPTURED AGRA.
• HE HAD CORONATED FOR THE SECOND TIME IN JUNE 1659 AD. WHEN HE WON THE BATTLE OF DEVRAI AND ENTERED IN DELHI.
• HIS SECOND CORONATION WAS HELD IN THE SPLENDID PALACE OF SHAHJAHAN.
• HE WAS MARRIED TO DILRAS BANO BEGUM.
• HE IMPRISONED SHIVAJI IN JAIPUR BHAVAN.
• HE WAS A FOLLOWER OF THE SUNNI CULT OF ISLAM.
• HE WAS KNOWN AS ZINDA PIR.

HIS DECISIONS

• AURANGZEB RESTARTED JAZIA TAX 1679 AD.
• HE BANS JHAROKHA DARSHAN AND NAUROZ FESTIVAL.
• HE ASSASSINATED 9th GURU OF SIKHS GURU TEG BAHADUR BECAUSE HE IGNORED FOLLOW THE ISLAM.
• HE BANED SINGING AND DANCING.
• HE BANS TULADAN.
• HE ORDERED TO DEMOLISHING OF HINDU TEMPLES IN 1699 AD.
• HE DEMOLISHED THE VISHWANATH TEMPLE OF BENARAS AND THE KESHAVRAI TEMPLE OF MATHURA IN 1669 AD.
• HIS AIM WAS TO CONVERT DARUL HURB (COUNTRY OF QAFIRS) TO DARUL ISLAM (COUNTRY OF ISLAM).
• HE ABOLISHED 80 TAXES WHICH WAS AGAINST THE SHARIYAT.
• HE ADOPTED THE NASK SYSTEM OF REVENUE IN WHICH LAND REVENUE WAS FIXED AT 1/2 OF THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE.

ADMINISTRATION

• THERE WERE 337 MANSABDARS IN THE AURANGZEB’S REIGN.
• HIS RULING WAS BASED ON QURAN.
• HE ENGRAVED KALMA ON COINS.
• A TOTAL NUMBER OF 20 SUBA’S EXISTED IN HIS EMPIRE.
• ASAD KHAN WAS HIS DIWAN

DEATH AND TOMB

• AURANGZEB DIED ON 4th MARCH 1707 AD.
• HE WAS CREMATED AT DAULTABAD NEAR SAINT BURHANUDDIN TOMB.

OFFICIALS OF THE MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION

DIVISION OF LAND DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD- IN 1580 AD TODARMAL STARTED THE DEHSALA SYSTEM IN WHICH THERE WERE 4 TYPES OF LAND.

• POLAJ- LAND USED FOR REGULAR AGRICULTURE.
• PARTI- LAND LEFT FOR ONE OR TWO YEARS AFTER AGRICULTURE.
• CHACHAR- LAND LEFT FOR THREE TO FOUR YEARS FOR AGRICULTURE.
• BANJAR- LAND NOT USED FOR AGRICULTURE FOR THE LAST 5 YEARS.

THREE TYPES OF PEASANTS DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD

• KHUD KASTH- THOSE FARMERS WHO HAD FARMING ON THEIR OWN VILLAGE LAND.
• PAHI KASTH- THOSE FARMERS WHO HAD FARMING ON ANOTHER VILLAGE LAND.
• MUJARIYAN- THOSE FARMERS WHO HAD FARMING ON-LENT LAND TAKEN FROM KHUD KASTH.

COINS OF THE MUGHAL PERIOD

• THE MAXIMUM MINTING OF COINS WAS DONE IN AURANGZEB’S REIGN.
• ANA COIN WAS INTRODUCED BY SHAHJAHAN.
• JAHANGIR ENGRAVED HIS IMAGE ON COINS AND MENTIONED HER WIFE NUR JAHAN’S NAME WITH HIS NAME.
• THE BIGGEST GOLD COIN WAS SHANSAB.
• ILAHI WAS THE MOST POPULAR GOLD COIN.
• SILVER COINS WERE THE BASE OF THE MUGHAL ECONOMY.
• COPPER COIN (DAM) WAS USED FOR REGULAR TRANSACTIONS.
• ONE RUPEE WAS EQUIVALENT TO 40 DAMS.

THE MUGHAL ARMY- WAS DIVIDED INTO FOUR PARTS.

• INFANTRY (PAIDAL SENA)
• CAVALRY (GHUD SAVAR SENA)
• ELEPHANT ARMY (HASTI SENA)
• ARTILLERY (TOOPKHANA)

ARMY SYSTEM OF THE MUGHALS

• MUGHAL ARMY WAS BASED ON MANSABDARI SYSTEM.
• MANSABDARI SYSTEM WAS STARTED BY AKBAR.
• MANSAB WAS A RANKING SYSTEM.
• 10-500 MANSAB HOLDERS KNOWN AS MANSABDAR.
• 500-2500 MANSAB HOLDERS KNOWN AS UMRA.
• 2500 AND ABOVE MANSAB HOLSERS KNOWN AS AMIR-I-AZAM.
• LATER THIS SYSTEM WAS BASED ON ZAT AND SAWAR.
• ZAT MEANS SALARY AND SAWAR MEANS NUMBER OF CAVALARY PEOPLE A OFFICIAL POSSESSED.
• JAHANGIR ADDED NEW FEATURE TO THIS SYSTEM DUASPA AND SIHASPA.

MONUMENTS OF MUGHAL PERIOD

DOWNFALL OF MUGHAL EMPIRE LATER MUGHALS

SHAH ALAM (BAHADUR SHAH-I) 1707-1712 AD

• SHAH ALAM WAS THE SUCCESSOR OF AURANGZEB.
• HIS REAL NAME WAS MUAZZAM (BAHADUR SHAH).
• HE WAS GOT THE THRONE WITH THE TITLE BAHADUR SHAH-I
• HE WAS CORONATED IN 1707 AD IN LAHORE (NEAR SHAHDAULA BRIDGE).
• HE TRIED TO REVERSE THE ORTHODOX POLICIES OF HIS FATHER AURANGZEB.
• HE MADE GODD RELATIONS WITH SIKH AND MARATHAS.
• HE WAS ALSO KNOWN AS SHAH-E-BEKHABAR.
• HE DIED IN 1712 AD.
• HE WAS BURIED IN THE LAWN OF AURANGZEB’S TOMB IN AURANGABAD.

JAHADAR SHAH 1712-1713 AD

• JAHADAR SHAH WAS THE SON AND SUCCESSOR OF BAHADUR SHAH.
• THE MOST UNELIGIBLE MUGHAL RULER WAS JAHADAR SHAH.
• JAHADAR SHAH GOT THE THRONE WITH THE HELP OF JULFIKAR KHAN.
• JULFIKAR KHAN WAS THE PRIME MINISTER OF JAHADAR SHAH.
• HE WAS ASSASSINATED BY HIS NEPHEW AND SON IN LAW FARRUKH SIYAR.

FARRUKH SIYAR 1713-1719 AD

• FARRUKH SIYAR GOT THE THRONE WITH THE HELP OF SAYYID BROTHERS IN JANUARY 1713 AD.
• SYED HUSSAIN ALI KHAN BARHA AND SYED ABDULLAH KHAN BARHA WERE KNOWN AS SAYYID BROTHERS. THEY WERE MUGHAL WAZIRS.
• SAYYID BROTHERS WERE KNOWN AS THE KING MAKERS IN MUGHAL HISTORY.
• HE WAS MERELY A PUPPET IN THE HAND OF SAYYID BROTHERS.
• WHEN HE WAS TRIED TO CONTROL SAYYID BROTHERS HE WAS DEPOSED AND ASSASSINATED BY SAYYID BROTHERS.
• HE ASSASSINATED SIKH LEADER ‘BANDA BAHADUR’.
• HE ISSUED A GOLDEN FARMAN (ORDER) OF FREE TRADE TO EAST INDIA COMPANY.

RAFI-UD-DARAJAT 1719 AD

• RAFI-UD-DARAJAT WAS SAT ON THRONE BY SAYYID BROTHERS.
• HE RULED ONLY FOR 98 DAYS.
• HE WAS DIED DUE TO TUBOR CULOSIS.

SHAH JAHAN-II (RAFI-UL-DAULA) 1719 AD

• SAT ON THRONE BY SAYYID BROTHERS.
• HE RULED ONLY FOR 105 DAYS.

MUHAMMAD SHAH (RANGELA) 1719-1748 AD

• HE GOT THE THRONE WITH THE HELP OF SAYYID BROTHERS AT THE AGE OF 16.
• HIS REAL NAME WAS ROSHAN AKHTAR.
• HE WAS THE FOURTH SON OF BAHADUR SHAH-I.
• HE WAS THE GREAT PATRON OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF ARTS LIKE MUSIC, CULTURE ETC.
• HE WAS NOT RESPOSIBLE TOWARDS ADMINISTRATION AND FELL IN ROYAL JOYS, SO HE WAS NAMED RANGELA.
• SAYYID BROTHERS HAD LOT OF INTERFERENCE IN ADMINISTRATION AND POLITICAL MATTERS.
• MUHAMMAD SHAH GET RID OF THEM WITH THE HELP OF ASAF JAH-I.
• INDEPENDENT STATE OF HYDERABAD WAS ESTABLISHED BY CHIN-QILICH-KHAN.
• LATER SYED HUSSAIN ALI KHAN BARHA ASSASSINATED AT FATEHPUR SIKRI IN 1720 AD AND SYED ABDULLAH KHAN BARHA WAS POISONED IN 1722 AD.
• SADAT KHAN NAWAB OF AWADH INVITED NADIR SHAH TO INVADE DELHI.
• DURING HIS REIGN, IRANI RULER NADIR SHAH ATTACKED AND LOOTED DELHI, HE TOOK WITH HIM PEACOCK THRONE AND KOHINOOR DIAMOND AND LOT OF WEALTH.
• AFTER NADIR SHAH INVASION MUGHAL EMPIRE DISINTEGRATED RAPIDLY.
• AWADH, BENGAL AND HYDRABAD PROVINCES WERE BROKE AWAY FROM THE EMPIRE.
• HE WAS DIED ON 26th APRIL 1748 AD.

AHMED SHAH BAHADUR 1748-1754 AD

ALAMGIR-II 1754-1759 AD

SHAH JAHAN-III 1759-1760 AD

SHAH ALAM-II 1760- 1788 AD

• HE PARTICIPATED IN THE BATTLE OF BUXAR OF 1764 AD.
• HE JOINED WITH MIR QASIM (NAWAB OF BENGAL), AND SHUJAUDAULA (NAWAB OF AWADH) AGAINST THE BRITISH.

SHAH JAHAN-IV 1788 AD- (RULED ONLY 63 DAYS)

SHAH ALAM-II 1788-1806 AD- (SECOND REIGN)

• BRITISH CAPTURED DELHI.

AKBAR SHAH-II 1806-1837 AD-

BAHADUR SHAH-II 1837-1857 AD- (LAST MUGHAL EMPEROR)

• HE HOLD THE TITLE ZAFAR.
• HE LEADED THE 1857 REVOLT.
• DEPOSED BY BRITISH AFTER 1857 REVOLT.
• EXILED TO BURMA, WHERE HE DIED.