EUROPEAN COMPANIES IN INDIA

NAME OF THE COMPANYESTABLISHED (YEAR)
PORTUGUES EAST INDIA COMPANY1498 AD
ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY1600 AD
DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY1602 AD
DANISH EAST INDIA COMPANY1616 AD
FRENCH EAST INDIA COMPANY1664 AD
SWEDISH EAST INDIA COMPANY1713 AD

PORTUGUESE EAST INDIA COMPANY-

  • VASCO DA GAMA A PORTUGUESE SAILOR REACHED CALICUT SEAPORT IN INDIA ON 20th MAY 1498.
  • HE DISCOVERED A NEW SEA ROUTE FROM EUROPE TO INDIA.
  • HE WAS WELCOMED BY KING ZAMORIN’ OF CALICUT.
  • HE TOOK BACK A LOT OF SPICES WITH HIM. THESE SPICES SOLD ON 60 TIMES THE PROFIT OF HIS TRAVEL EXPENDITURE.
  • PORTUGUESE ESTABLISHED FIRST FORT IN COCHIN IN 1503 AD.
  • PORTUGUESE ESTABLISHED THE SECOND FORT IN KANNUR IN 1505 AD.
  • FRANCISCO DE ALMEIDA BECAME THE FIRST RULER AND GOVERNOR OF THE PORTUGUESE STATE IN INDIA IN 1505 AD.
  • AFONSO DE ALBUQUERQUE CAME TO INDIA IN 1503 AD.
  • AFONSO DE ALBUQUERQUE WAS APPOINTED AS GOVERNOR OF THE PORTUGUESE STATE IN INDIA IN 1509 AD.
  • HE CONQUERED GOA FROM YUSUF ADIL THE SULTAN OF BIJAPUR IN 1510 AD WITH THE HELP OF A HINDU KING TIMAIYA.
  • GOA BECAME THE CAPITAL OF PORTUGUESE INDIA IN 1530 AD.
  • PORTUGUESE CAPTURED DIU IN 1535 AD AND DAMAN IN 1559 AD.
  • PORTUGUESE CALLED HIMSELF THE LORD OF THE SEA.
  • GOA IS FAMOUS FOR HORSE IMPORT.
  • PORTUGUESE KEPT OUT THE DUTCH FROM SOUTH EAST ASIA.
  • FINALLY PORTUGUESE HAD GOA, DAMAN, AND DIU AREAS IN INDIA.

DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY-

  • THE FIRST DUTCH PERSON WHO CAME TO INDIA IN 1596 AD WAS CORNELIS DAHASTMAN.
  • THE DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1602 AD.
  • THE BRITISH BADLY DEFEATED THE DUTCH IN INDIA IN THE BATTLE OF VEDRA IN 1759 AD.
  • PORTUGUESE KEPT OUT THE DUTCH FROM SOUTH EAST ASIA.
  • THE FIRST DUTCH FACTORY WAS ESTABLISHED IN PULIKAT IN 1690 AD.
  • AFTER 1690 AD DUTCH MADE ITS HEADQUARTERS IN NAGAPATTINAM.
  • THE DUTCH WERE FINALLY DEFEATED BY THE BRITISH IN THE BATTLE OF VEDARA IN 1759 AD.

FRENCH EAST INDIA COMPANY (1668-1954 AD)-

  • FRENCH EAST INDIA COMPANY WAS ESTABLISHED ON 1st SEPTEMBER 1664 AD.
  • THE FIRST FRENCH FACTORY IN INDIA WAS ESTABLISHED BY FRANCO CAIRO IN SURAT IN 1668 AD.
  • THE SECOND FRENCH FACTORY IN INDIA WAS ESTABLISHED IN MASULIPATNAM IN 1669 AD.
  • SHER KHAN LODI GOVERNOR OF BIJAPUR SULTAN GRANTED A VILLAGE TO FRANCOIS MARTIN FOR A SETTLEMENT IN 1673 AD AND HE ESTABLISHED A CITY ON IT NAMED PONDICHERRY.
  • IN 1673 AD FRENCH FOUNDED A SETTLEMENT IN CHANDERNAGORE WITH THE PERMISSION OF THE MUGHAL GOVERNOR OF BENGAL.
  • PONDICHERRY WAS FOUNDED BY FRANCOIS MARTIN (FATHER OF PUDUCHERRY) IN 1674 AD.
  • FRANCOIS MARTIN WAS THE FIRST GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF PONDICHERRY.
  • THE COMPANY DEVELOPED ITS TRADE SETTLEMENTS AT MAHE, KARAIKAL, BALASORE, AND QASIM BAZAR.
  • THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THE COMPANY IN INDIA WAS TRADE AND COMMERCE UNTIL 1741 AD.
  • LATER THEY CONSIDERED THEIR TRADE SETTLEMENTS AS THEIR COLONIES.
  • WITH THIS MOTIVE THEY TOOK HOLD OF YANAM IN 1723 AD, MAHE IN 1725 AD, AND KARAIKAL IN 1739 AD.
  • THE COMPANY APPOINTED JOSEPH FRANCOIS DUPLEIX AS THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF THE FRENCH EAST INDIA COMPANY IN 1741 AD.
  • FIRST CARNATIC WAR (1746-48 AD)- THIS WAR WAS AFFECTED BY THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION WAR OF (1740-48 AD) AND ENDED WITH THE TREATY OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE OF 1748 AD.
  • SECOND CARNATIC WAR (1749-54 AD)– GOVERNOR JOSEPH FRANCOIS DUPLEIX WAS DEFEATED BY A BRITISH OFFICER ROBERT CLIVE. AFTER THIS WAR HE WAS CALLED BACK TO FRANCE. FRANCE SEND CHARLES GODEHEU AS THE NEW GOVERNOR-GENERAL. THE WAR ENDED WITH THE PEACE TREATY OF PONDICHERRY IN 1755 AD.
  • THIRD CARNATIC WAR- (1756-63 AD)- THIS WAR WAS A PART OF THE ‘SEVEN YEAR’S WAR’. IT WAS ENDED WITH THE PEACE TREATY OF PARIS WITH BRITAIN IN 1763 AD.
  • THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT SENT LALLY TOLLENDAL TO INDIA TO DRIVE OUT THE BRITISH, HE INITIALLY SUCCEEDED WHEN HE PULLED DOWN FORT SAINT DAVID IN CUDDALORE DISTRICT IN 1758 AD.
  • IN THE BATTLE OF WANDIWASH IN 1760 AD THE FRENCH WAS BADLY DEFEATED BY THE BRITISH UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF EYRE COOTE A BRITISH LIEUTENANT GENERAL.
  • THIS DEFEAT BROKE THE BACK OF THE FRENCH IN INDIA.
  • THE FRENCH HAD TO LOSE THE HYDERABAD REGION AND LOST THEIR CONTROL OVER SOUTH INDIA.
  • THE BRITISH SEIZED PONDICHERRY IN 1760 AD AND DESTROYED IT IN 1761 AD.
  • ACCORDING TO THE PEACE TREATY OF PARIS WITH BRITAIN IN 1763 AD, PONDICHERRY WAS RETURNED TO FRANCE IN 1765 AD AND OTHER AREAS ALSO RETURNED TO FRANCE WHICH WAS UNDER CONTROL OF FRANCE TILL 1749 AD.
  • THE FRENCH AREAS IN INDIA REMAINED IN THE CONTROL OF FRANCE UNTIL 1954 AD.
  • THE DE-FACTO (PRACTICES THAT EXIST IN REALITY)) TRANSFER OF FRENCH COLONIES IN INDIA TO INDIAN UNION WAS TOOK PLACE ON 1st NOVEMBER 1954 AD.
  • THE DE-JURE (PRACTICES THAT ARE LEGALLY RECOGNISED) TRANSFER WAS SIGNED IN 1956 AD. THIS TREATY WAS RECTIFIED (DUE TO OPPOSITION IN FRANCE) BY FRENCH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY IN 16th AUGUST 1962 AD.
  • NOW PONDICHERRY WAS A UNION TERRITORY OF THE INDIAN UNION.

BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY-

  • BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1600 AD IN ENGLAND.
  • BRITISH QUEEN ELIZABETH-I GAVE THE AUTHORITY LETTER TO EAST INDIA COMPANY ON 31st DECEMBER 1600 AD.
  • THERE WERE 217 PARTNERS IN THE EAST INDIA COMPANY AND THEIR GOVERNOR WAS THOMAS SMITH.
  • BRITISH KING JAMES-I APPOINTED CAPTAIN HAKKINS AS AMBASSADOR IN JAHANGIR’S COURT IN 1609 AD.
  • BRITISH KING JAMES-I APPOINTED SIR THOMAS ROE AS AMBASSADOR IN JAHANGIR’S COURT IN 1615 AD.
  • THE COMPANY’S SHIP DOCKED AT SURAT PORT IN GUJRAT IN 1608 AD.
  • THE COMPANY ESTABLISHED THE FIRST FACTORY IN MASULIPATNAM (ANDHRA PRADESH) ON THE COAST OF THE BAY OF BENGAL IN 1611 AD.
  • MASULIPATNAM WAS THE PRIME SEAPORT OF THE GOLKUNDA STATE.
  • AFTER JAHANGIR’S PERMISSION COMPANY ESTABLISHED A SECOND FACTORY ON THE WEST COAST OF THE ARABIAN SEA IN SURAT IN 1613 AD.
  • THE COMPANY ESTABLISHED A FACTORY IN HUGLI (BENGAL) IN 1651 AD.
  • THE FIRST HEADQUARTER OF EAST INDIA COMPANY WAS SURAT, LATER IT WAS SHIFTED TO BOMBAY IN 1686 AD.
  • THE COMPANY CONSTRUCTED WALLED FORTS AROUND THE MAJOR FACTORIES.
  • THE COMPANY ESTABLISHED FORT SAINT GEORGE IN MADRAS (NOW CHENNAI), FORT WILLIAM IN BENGAL, AND BOMBAY CASTLE IN BOMBAY (NOW MUMBAI).
  • THE COMPANY HAD 23 MAJOR FACTORIES IN 1647 AD.
  • EACH COMPANY CONSISTS OF A GOVERNOR, AHEAD MERCHANT (FACTOR), AND AN EMPLOYEE STAFF OF ABOUT 90.
  • IN 1668 AD THE BRITISH EMPEROR CHARLES-II MARRIED WITH PORTUGUESE PRINCESS CATHERINE AND GOT BOMBAY (NOW MUMBAI) AS A DOWRY.
  • CHARLES-II GAVE BOMBAY TO EAST INDIA COMPANY ON RENT OF 10 POUNDS.
  • JOB CHARNOCK A ADMINISTRATOR OF EAST INDIA COMPANY FOUNDED THE CITY OF CALCUTTA (NOW KOLKATA) IN 1690 AD.
  • MUGHAL PRINCE AZIM-USH-SHAN (SON OF SHAH ALAM-I) GAVE THE LANDLORDISM OF SUTNATI, KALIKATTA, AND GOVINDPURI TO THE EAST INDIA COMPANY IN 1698 AD.
EARLY GOVERNORS OF EAST INDIA COMPANY-
  • 1600–1601 AD- SIR THOMAS SMYTHE (1st GOVERNOR)
  • 1601–1602 AD- SIR JOHN WATTS
  • 1602–1603 AD SIR JOHN HARTS
  • 1606–1607 AD- SIR WILLIAM ROMNEY
  • 1607–1621 AD-SIR THOMAS SMYTHE
  • 1621–1624 AD- SIR WILLIAM HALLIDAY
  • 1624–1638 AD-SIR MORRIS/MAURICE ABBOT
  • 1638–1641 AD- SIR CHRISTOPHER CLITHEROE

GOVERNORS OF BENGAL (1757-74 AD)-

ROBERT CLIVE- (1757-60 AD) (1765-67 AD)-

  • HE ESTABLISHED A DUAL-RULE IN BENGAL.
  • IN THIS SYSTEM REVENUE COLLECTION, ARMED PROTECTION, AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS WERE IN THE HANDS OF THE COMPANY WHILE RULING WAS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE NAWAB.
  • MUGHAL EMPEROR SHAH ALAM-II WAS IN THE PROTECTION OF THE COMPANY AFTER THE TREATY OF ALLAHABAD IN 1766 AD.

HARRY VERELST (1767-69 AD)-

JOHN CARTIER (1769-72 AD)-

WARREN HASTINGS (1772-74 AD)-

GOVERNOR GENERALS OF EAST INDIA COMPANY FROM 1774 AD-

  • ACCORDING TO REGULATING ACT OF 1773 AD, THE GOVERNOR OF BENGAL BECAME THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF BRITISH AREAS IN INDIA.
  • GOVERNOR-GENERAL’S TENURE WAS 5 YEARS.
  • THE GOVERNORS OF BOMBAY AND MADRAS WERE WORKS UNDER THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL.

WARREN HASTINGS (1774-85 AD)-

  • WARREN HASTINGS WAS THE FIRST GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF EAST INDIA COMPANY.
  • HE SHIFTED THE TREASURY FROM MURSHIDABAD TO CALCUTTA.
  • IN 1772 AD HE ESTABLISHED CIVIL AND CRIMINAL COURTS IN EVERY DISTRICT.
  • HE ESTABLISHED THE BOARD OF REVENUE.
  • HE ESTABLISHED AMADARSA IN 1781 AD IN CALCUTTA AND
  • JONATHAN DUNKEN ESTABLISHED A SANSKRIT COLLEGE IN BANARAS IN 1792 AD.
  • WILLIAM WILKINSON TRANSLATED GITA INTO ENGLISH.
  • WILLIAM JONES FOUNDED THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL IN 1783 AD.
  • HE STOPPED THE 26 LAKHS ANNUAL PENSION OF THE MUGHAL EMPEROR.
  • ACCORDING TO THE REGULATING ACT OF 1774 AD, A HIGH COURT WAS ESTABLISHED IN CALCUTTA.
  • THE FIRST AND SECOND ANGLO MARATHA WAR WAS FOUGHT DURING HIS TENURE.
  • HE OPPOSED THE PIT’S INDIA ACT AND RESIGNED.

JOHN MACPHERSON (1785-86 AD)- ACTING GOVERNOR-GENERAL

LORD CORNWALLIS (1786-93 AD)-

  • HE GAVE ALL ADMINISTRATIVE POWERS OF A DISTRICT TO THE COLLECTOR.
  • HE INCREASED THE SALARY OF THE POLICE.
  • HE TAKES AWAY THE POLICE POWERS OF LANDLORDS.
  • HE BANED THE PERSONAL TRADE OF COMPANY OFFICERS.
  • HE ESTABLISHED POLICE STATIONS IN THE DISTRICT AND MADE INSPECTORS AS THEIR IN-CHARGE.
  • COMPANY NEVER GAVE POST ABOVE TO INDIANS, THE SUBADAR, JAMADAR IN ARMY AD MUSIF, SADAR AMIN OR DEPUTY COLLECTOR IN ADMINISTRATION.
  • HE STARTED PERMANENT SETTLEMENT IN 1793 AD.
  • IN THIS SYSTEM 90% OF THE COLLECTED REVENUE WAS DEPOSITED TO THE COMPANY AND 10% OF IT WAS KEPT US WITH THE JAMINDAR (LANDLORD).
  • HE IS KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE IN INDIA.

SIR JOHN SHORE (1793-98 AD)-

  • HE FOLLOWED THE POLICY OF NON-INTERFERENCE.

RICHARD WELLESLEY (1798-1805 AD)-

  • HE STARTED THE SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE.
  • TIPU SULTAN RULER OF MYSORE WAS KILLED DURING HIS TENURE IN 1799 AD IN 4th AGLO-MYSORE WAR.
  • HE ESTABLISHED FORT WILLIAM COLLEGE IN CALCUTTA TO TRAIN PEOPLE FOR CIVIL SERVICES.
  • HE CALLED HIMSELF THE TIGER OF BENGAL.
  • KINGDOMS WHO ACCEPT SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE- 1)HYDERABAD 1798 AD 2)MYSORE AND TANJUR 1799 AD 3) AWADH AND PESHWA 1801 AD 4) BARAR AND BHONSALE 1803 AD 5) SCINDIA 1804 AD AND OTHER STATES JAIPUR, JODHPUR, MACHEDI, BHARATPUR AND BUNDI.

SIR GEORGE BARLOW (1805-07 AD)-

  • A MUTINY ROSE IN VELLORE IN HIS TENURE.

LORD MINTO-I (1807-13 AD)-

  • THE TREATY OF AMRITSAR WAS HELD BETWEEN MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH AND THE COMPANY IN 1809 AD DURING HIS TENURE.

LORD HASTINGS (1813-23 AD)-

  • THE ANGLO-NEPAL (1814-16 AD)) WAR WAS ENDED WITH THE TREATY OF SUGAULI OF 1816 AD IN WHICH AMAR SINGH THAPA SURRENDERED.
  • THE PINDARIS WERE SUPPRESSED BY LORD HASTINGS.
  • HE FINALLY CRUSHED THE MARATHA POWER.
  • HE REMOVED THE RESTRICTION ON PRESS.
  • TENANCY ACT WAS PASSED IN 1822 AD.

LORD AMHERST (1823-28 AD)-

  • FIRST ANGLO-BURMA WAR (1824-26 AD) WAS HELD AND ENDED WITH THE TREATY OF YANDUB IN 1826 AD.
  • BARRACKPORE MUTINY WAS HELD IN 1824 AD.

LORD WILLIAM BENTINCK (1828-35 AD)-

  • CHARTER ACT OF 1833 AD MADE THE GOVERNOR OF BENGAL TO GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA.
  • HE WAS THE FIRST GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA.
  • HE BANNED THE PRACTICE OF SATI (SATIPRATHA) WITH THE HELP OF RAJA RAM MOHUN ROY IN 1829 AD.
  • HE BANNED THE PRACTICE OF SATI WITH THE ARTICLE 17.
  • THE PRACTICE OF THUGGEE WAS SUPPRESSED BY LORD BENTINCK WITH THE HELP OF WILLIAM HENRY SLEEMAN IN 1830 AD.
  • IN 1835 AD HE ESTABLISHED CALCUTTA MEDICAL COLLEGE.
  • ON THE RECOMMENDATION OF THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULAY, ENGLISH MADE THE MEDIUM OF EDUCATION.
  • ON THE RECOMMENDATION OF THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULAY, LAWS WERE CLASSIFIED.
  • HE BANNED THE FEMALE INFANTICIDE.
  • HE POSTED INDIANS ON RESPONSIBLE POSTS.

CHARLES METCALFE (1835-36 AD)-

  • HE WAS KNOWN AS THE LIBERATOR OF THE PRESS.
  • HE REMOVED THE RESTRICTIONS ON THE PRESS.

LORD AUCKLAND (1836-42 AD)-

  • FIRST ANGLO-AFGHAN WAR (1839-42 AD) WAS STARTED DURING HIS TENURE.
  • GRAND TRUNK ROAD WAS REPAIRED BY HIM IN 1839 AD.

LORD ELLENBOROUGH (1842-44 AD)-

  • FIRST ANGLO-AFGHAN WAR WAS ENDED.
  • SIND WAS ANNEXED TO THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN 1843 AD.

LORD HENRY HARDINGE (1844-48 AD)-

  • FIRST ANGLO-SIKH WAR (1845-46 AD) WAS FOUGHT. THE BRITISH WON THE WAR.
  • HE BANNED THE PRACTICE OF HUMAN SACRIFICE.

LORD DALHOUSIE (1848-56 AD)-

  • THE SECOND ANGLO-SIKH WAR WAS FOUGHT AND WON BY THE BRITISH.
  • PUNJAB WAS ANNEXED TO THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN 1849 AD.
  • THE SECOND ANGLO-BURMA WAR WAS FOUGHT AND LOWER BURMA AND PIGU WERE ANNEXED IN 1852 AD.
  • SIKKIM WAS ANNEXED IN 1850 AD.
  • HE ESTABLISHED INAM COMMISSION TO FIND OUT NON-REVENUE JAGIRS AND FINALLY IT HAD TO TAKE AWAY.
  • HE INTRODUCED THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE- ACCORDING TO THIS DOCTRINE IF ANY INDIAN KINGDOM HAD WITHOUT ANY MALE HEIR, THEIR KINGDOM WAS ANNEXED TO THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
  • KINGDOMS ANNEXED UNDER DOCTRINE OF LAPSE- 1) SATARA 1848 AD 2) JAITPUR AND SAMBALPUR 1849 AD 3) BAGHAT 1850 AD 4) UDAIPUR 1852 AD 5)JHANSI 1853 AD 6) NAGPUR 1854 AD
  • IN 1856 AD AWADH WAS ANNEXED WITH THE CHARGE OF MISRULE.
  • IN 1856 AD NAWAB WAJID ALI SHAH WAS THE RULER OF AWADH.
  • LORD DALHOUSIE SHIFTED ARTILLERY HEADQUARTERS FROM CALCUTTA TO MEERUT AND MILITARY HEADQUARTERS TO SHIMLA.
  • HE IMPLEMENTED THE CHARLES WOOD DISPATCH OF 1854 AD. IT BELONGS TO EDUCATIONAL REFORMS.
  • ACCORDING TO THIS DISPATCH, IN EVERY DISTRICT ANGLO-VERNACULAR SCHOOLS, AND GOVERNMENT COLLEGES IN IMPORTANT CITIES WERE ESTABLISHED AND IN EACH REGION ONE EDUCATION DIRECTOR WAS APPOINTED.
  • ONE UNIVERSITY IN EACH PRECEDENCY (BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS) WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1857 AD.
  • LORD DALHOUSIE IS KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF INDIAN RAILWAYS.
  • THE FIRST TRAIN WAS RUN BETWEEN BOMBAY TO THANE ON 16th APRIL 1853 AD.
  • NEW POST OFFICE ACT WAS PASSED IN 1854 AD.
  • THE FIRST POSTAL TICKET WAS ISSUED IN 1854 AD.
  • PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT WAS ESTABLISHED.
  • HE ESTABLISHED INDEPENDENT PUBLIC SERVICE DEPARTMENT IN 1854 AD.
  • THE FIRST ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH SERVICE WAS STARTED BETWEEN AGRA AND CALCUTTA.
  • HE MADE SIMLA AS THE SUMMER CAPITAL.
  • THE FIRST CIVIL SERVICE EXAM WAS CONDUCTED DURING HIS TENURE.

CHARLES CANNING (1856-62 AD)-

  • HE WAS THE LAST GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF COMPANY IN INDIA.
  • HE WAS THE FIRST VICEROY OF APPOINTED BY THE BRITISH EMPEROR IN INDIA.
  • FIRST INDIAN INDEPENDENCE STRUGGLE OF INDIA IN 1857 AD.
  • THE COMPANY’S RULE IN INDIA TRANSFERRED TO THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT AFTER THE REVOLT OF 1857 AD.
  • INDIAN HIGH COURT ACT WAS PASSED.
  • ACCORDING TO THIS ACT ONE HIGH COURT WAS ESTABLISHED IN EACH PRECEDENCY.
  • WIDOW REMARRIAGE ACT WAS PASSED IN 1856 AD.
  • INDIAN PENAL CODE WAS PASSED IN 1860 AD.
  • INDIAN COUNCIL ACT WAS PASSED IN 1861 AD.
  • DOCTRINE OF LAPSE WAS ABOLISHED.

LORD ELGIN (1862-63 AD)-

  • VAHABI MOVEMENT WAS SUPPRESSED.
  • HE DIED IN DHARMSALA (HIMACHAL PRADESH) IN 1863 AD.

SIR JOHN LAWRENCE (1864-69 AD)-

  • BHUTAN ATTACKED ON THE BRITISH INDIA IN 1865 AD.
  • HE FOLLOWED THE POLICY OF NON-INTERFERENCE WITH AFGHANISTAN.
  • A SEVERE FAMINE OCCURRED IN ORISSA IN 1866 AD, IN BUNDELKHAND AND RAJPUTANA IN 1898-69 AD.
  • A FAMINE COMMISSION WAS ESTABLISHED FOR ENQUIRY.
  • THE FIRST UNDERSEA TELEGRAPH LINE BETWEEN INDIA AND EUROPE WAS STARTED IN 1865 AD.

LORD MAYO (1869-72 AD)-

  • MAYO COLLEGE OF AJMER WAS ESTABLISHED.
  • THE AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1872 AD.
  • HE WAS ASSASSINATED BY A AFGHAN BY STABBING IN 1872 AD.

LORD NORTHBROOK (1872-76 AD)-

  • A SEVERE FAMINE OCCURRED IN BENGAL.
  • KUKA MOVEMENT OF PUNJAB.
  • AN INCREASE IN TRADE WAS DUE TO THE OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL.

LORD LYTTON (18776-80 AD)-

  • VERNACULAR PRESS ACT WAS PASSED IN 1878 AD TO CONTROL THE INDIAN PRESS MEDIA.
  • HE ORGANISED DELHI DARBAR IN 1st JANUARY 1879 AD AND GAVE THE TITLE OF KAISER-I-HIND TO QUEEN VICTORIA OF ENGLAND.
  • THE INDIAN ARMS ACT WAS PASSED IN 1878 AD TO RESTRICT INDIANS TO POSSESS ARMS WITHOUT A LICENCE.
  • THE MINIMUM ELIGIBILITY AGE FOR CIVIL SERVICES WAS REDUCED FROM 21 YEARS TO 19 YEARS.
  • ANGLO-MUSLIM ORIENTAL COLLEGE WAS ESTABLISHED BY HIM IN ALIGARH.

LORD RIPON (1880-84 AD)-

  • HE ABOLISHED THE VERNACULAR PRESS ACT IN 1882 AD AND RESTORED THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE INDIAN PRESS MEDIA.
  • HE INCREASED THE ELIGIBILITY AGE FOR CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION FROM 19 YEARS TO 21 YEARS.
  • HE STARTED LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN INDIA.
  • HE IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN INDIA.
  • THE FIRST REGULAR CENSUS OF INDIA WAS CONDUCTED IN 1881 AD.
  • NOW CENSUS TO BE CONDUCTED AFTER EVERY 10 YEARS SINCE 1881 AD.
  • THE FIRST CENSUS WAS CONDUCTED IN 1872 AD. (IT WAS NOT A REGULAR CENSUS)
  • THE FIRST FACTORY ACT WAS PASSED IN 1881 AD.
  • HE INTRODUCED ILBERT BILL.
  • ACCORDING TO THE ILBERT BILL, AN INDIAN JUDGE CAN HEAR THE CASES OF EUROPEANS.
  • THIS BILL WAS TAKEN BACK DUE TO THE OPPOSITION FROM EUROPEANS.
  • THE REVOLT ROSE BY THE THE EUROPEANS WAS CALLED WHITE REVOLT.
  • FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE CALLED LORD RIPON AS ‘REDEEMER OF INDIA’.

LORD DUFFERIN (1884-88 AD)-

  • THE THIRD ANGLO-BURMA WAR WAS FOUGHT (1885-88 AD) AND BURMA WAS ANNEXED TO THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
  • INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS WAS FOUNDED ON 28th DECEMBER 1885 AD IN BOMBAY IN THE LEADERSHIP OF A. O. HUME.
  • THREE SEPARATE TENANCY ACT FOR BENGAL, AWADH, AND PUNJAB WAS PASSED.

LORD LANSDOWNE (1888-94 AD)-

  • DURAND’S LINE BETWEEN INDIA AND AFGHANISTAN WAS DETERMINED.
  • THE SECOND FACTORY ACT WAS PASSED IN 1891 AD.
  • THE ACT RESTRICT MAXIMUM WORKING HOURS TO 11 HOURS AND MADE PROVISION FOR ONE WEEKLY HOLIDAY.

LORD ELGIN (1894-99 AD)-

  • A SEVERE FAMINE OCCURRED DURING 1895-98 AD IN BIHAR, PUNJAB, MADHYA PRADESH, AND CENTRAL UTTAR PRADESH.

LORD CURZON (1899-1905 AD)-

  • A POLICE COMMISSION WAS ESTABLISHED UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF ANDREW FRASER IN 1902 AD.
  • AN UNIVERSITY COMMISSION WAS ESTABLISHED UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF THOMAS ROE IN 1902 AD.
  • A FAMINE COMMISSION WAS ESTABLISHED UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF ANTONY MACDONNELL.
  • AN IRRIGATION COMMISSION WAS ESTABLISHED UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF SIR KOLIN SCOTT MANFREEK.
  • AN INDIAN UNIVERSITY ACT WAS PASSED IN 1904 AD.
  • MILITARY OFFICERS TRAINING COLLEGE WAS ESTABLISHED IN QUETTA.
  • THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1904 AD.
  • DIVISION OF BENGAL TOOK PLACE IN 1905 AD.

LORD MINTO (1905-10 AD)-

  • THE MUSLIM LEAGUE WAS FOUNDED IN DHAKA IN 1916 AD BY AGA KHAN AND SALIM ULLA KHAN.
  • THE CONGRESS WAS DIVIDED IN SURAT SESSION IN 1907 AD.
  • MORLEY-MINTO ACT OF 1909 AD PROVIDES A SEPARATE ELECTORATE FOR MUSLIMS.

LORD HARDINGE (1910-16 AD)-

  • DELHI DARBAR WAS HELD IN DELHI FOR EMPEROR GEORGE-V OF ENGLAND ON 12th DECEMBER 1911 AD.
  • IN DELHI DARBAR TWO DECLARATIONS WERE MADE- 1) CANCELLATION OF THE BENGAL DIVISION OF 1905 AD. 2) SHIFTING OF CAPITAL FROM CALCUTTA TO DELHI. (THE DELHI BECAME THE CAPITAL OF INDIA IN 1912 AD)
  • FEROZ SHAH MEHTA’S BOMBAY CHRONICLE AND GANESH SHANKER VIDYARTHI’S PRATAP WERE PUBLISHED.
  • THE FIRST WORLD WAR WA STARTED ON 4th AUGUST 1914 AD.
  • HOME RULE LEAGUE WAS FOUNDED BY ANNE BESANT AND BAL GANGADHAR TILAK IN 1915 AD.
  • LORD HARDINGE BECAME THE CHANCELLOR OF BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY IN 1916 AD.

LORD CHELMSFORD (1916-21 AD)-

  • CONGRESS WAS REUNITED IN LUCKNOW SESSION IN 1916 AD.
  • WOMEN’S UNIVERSITY WAS ESTABLISHED IN POONA IN 1916 AD.
  • SADLER COMMISSION WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1917 AD.
  • ROWLATT ACT WAS PASSED IN 1917 AD.
  • JALLIANWALA INCIDENT TOOK PLACE ON 13th APRIL 1919 AD IN AMRITSAR.
  • KHILAFAT AND THE NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT WERE STARTED.
  • THE THIRD AFGAN WAR WAS STARTED.

LORD READING (1921-26 AD)-

  • CHAURI-CHAURA INCIDENT TOOK PLACE IN 1922 AD AT GORAKHPUR UTTAR PRADESH.
  • AFTER THIS INCIDENT GANDHIJI WITHDRAW NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT.
  • SWARAJ PARTY (A PARTY WITHIN CONGRESS) WAS FOUNDED BY CHITRANJAN DAS AND MOTILAL NEHRU IN ALLAHABAD IN 1923 AD.
  • PRINCE OF WALES ARRIVED IN INDIA IN NOVEMBER 1921 AD.
  • MOPALA REVOLT TOOK PLACE IN 1921 AD.
  • INDIAN COMMUNIST PARTY WAS FOUNDED BY M. N. ROY IN 1921 AD.
  • VISHWABHARTI UNIVERSITY STARTS WORKING IN 1922 AD.

LORD IRWIN (1926-31 AD)-

  • ON 3rd FEBRUARY 1928 AD SIMON COMMISSION ARRIVED IN (BOMBAY) INDIA.
  • ON 12th MARCH 1930 GANDHIJI STARTED CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT.
  • TO TAKE REVENGE ON LAL LAJPAT RAI, INDIAN EXTREMISTS THREW BOMBS IN THE CENTRAL ASSEMBLY HALL IN 1929 AD.
  • THE RESOLUTION OF PURNA SWARAJ (COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE) WAS TAKEN IN LAHORE SESSION OF CONGRESS IN 1929 AD.
  • IT WAS ALSO DECIDED THAT ON 26th JANUARY 1930 WAS CELEBRATED AS INDEPENDENCE DAY.
  • THE FIRST ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE WAS HELD IN LONDON ON 12th NOVEMBER 1930 AD. (CONGRESS NOT PARTICIPATED)
  • GANDHI-IRWIN PACT WAS SIGNED ON 5th MARCH 1931 AD.
  • GANDHIJI WITHDRAW THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT.

LORD WILLINGDON (1931-36 AD)-

  • THE SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE WAS HELD IN LONDON ON 1st DECEMBER 1931 AD. GANDHIJI ATTENDED A CONFERENCE ON THE BEHALF OF THE CONGRESS.
  • AFTER THE FAILURE OF SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE, GANDHIJI RELAUNCHED CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT ON 3rd JANUARY 1932 AD.
  • POONA PACT SIGNED BETWEEN GANDHIJI AND Dr. B. R. AMBEDKAR ON 25th SEPTEMBER 1932 AD.
  • THE COMMUNAL AWARD WAS DECLARED BY BRITISH PRIME MINISTER RAMSAY MACDONALD ON 16th AUGUST 1932 AD.
  • THIS AWARD PROVIDES SEPARATE ELECTORATE FOR DEPRESSED CLASSES (NOW KNOWN AS SCHEDULED CASTES).
  • IN 1909 AD INDIAN COUNCIL ACT PROVIDES SEPARATE ELECTORATE ONLY FOR MUSLIMS.
  • THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1919 AD PROVIDES SEPARATE ELECTORATES TO SIKHS, EUROPEANS, AND INDIAN CHRISTIANS.
  • THE THIRD ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE WAS HELD IN LONDON FROM 17th TO 24th NOVEMBER 1932 AD. (CONGRESS NOT PARTICIPATED)
  • A SEVERE EARTHQUAKE OCCURRED IN BIHAR IN 1934 AD.
  • GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1935 AD PASSED.

LORD LINLITHGOW (1936-43 AD)-

  • PROVINCIAL ELECTION WAS HELD IN 1936-37 AD, CONGRESS WON 7 OUT OF 11 SEATS AND FORMED ITS GOVERNMENT.
  • ON 1sT SEPTEMBER 1939 AD THE SECOND WORLD WAR WAS STARTED.
  • CONGRESS RESIGNED FROM THE PROVINCIAL COUNCILS.
  • MUSLIM LEAGUE FOLLOWED A MUKTI DIWAS AFTER CONGRESS RESIGNATION.
  • ON 1st MAY 1939 AD SUBASH CHANDRA BOSE FOUNDED A PARTY NAMED FORWARD BLOCK.
  • MUSLIM LEAGUE RAISED THE DEMAND OF PAKISTAN IN THE LAHORE SESSION OF CONGRESS IN 1940 AD.
  • CRIPPS MISSION ARRIVED IN INDIA IN 1942 AD.
  • ON 8th AUGUST 1942 CONGRESS STARTED QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT.
  • A SEVERE FAMINE OCCURRED IN BENGAL IN 1943 AD.

LORD WAVELL (1943-47 AD)-

  • SHIMLA AGREEMENT WAS HELD IN 1945 AD.
  • CABINET MISSION ARRIVED IN INDIA IN 1946 AD.
  • ON 20th FEBRUARY 1947 AD THE BRITISH PRIME MINISTER CLEMENT ATTLEE OF LABOUR PARTY ANNOUNCED IN HOUSE OF COMMONS THAT THEY WILL GAVE INDEPENDENCE TO INDIA IN JUNE 1948 AD.

LORD MOUNTBATTEN (1947-48 AD)-

  • ON 4th JULY 1947 AD CLEMENT ATTLEE PRESENTED INDIA INDEPENDENCE BILL IN THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT.
  • BILL WAS GOT SANCTION FROM PARLIAMENT ON 18th JULY 1947 AD.
  • THE BILL MENTIONED TWO SEPARATE INDEPENDENT NATION.
  • INDIA GOT INDEPENDENCE ON 15th AUGUST 1947 AD.
  • LORD MOUNTBATTEN BECAME THE FIRST GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDEPENDENT INDIA.
  • C. RAJGOPALACHARI BECAME THE FIRST INDIAN GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA.

EAST INDIA COMPANY RULE IN BENGAL-

NAWABS OF BENGAL-

  • MURSHID QULI KHAN 1713-1727 AD-
  • SHUJAUDDIN 1727-1739 AD-
  • SARFARAZ KHAN 1739-1740 AD-
  • ALIVARDI KHAN 1740-1756 AD-
  • SIRAJ-UD-DAULAH 1756-1757 AD-
  • MIR JAFAR 1757-1760 AD-
  • MIR QASIM 1760-1763 AD-
  • MIR JAFAR 1763-1765 AD-
  • NAJM-UD-DAULAH 1765-1766 AD-
  • SAIF-UD-DAULAH 1766-1770 AD-
  • MUBARAK-UD-DAULAH 1770-1775 AD-
  • THE COMPANY ESTABLISHED ITS FIRST FACTORY IN HUGLI WITH THE PERMISSION OF SHAH SHUJA IN 1651 AD.
  • MURSHID QULI KHAN BECAME THE DIWAN OF BENGAL IN 1700 AD.
  • BENGAL PROVINCE WAS MADE BY COMBINING BENGAL, BIHAR, AND ODISHA IN 1733 AD.
  • BLACK HOLE TRAGEDY- ON 20th JUNE 1756 AD NAWAB SIRAJ-UD-DAULAH’S SOLDIERS LOCKED UP 146 BRITISH PEOPLE IN A SMALL ROOM AND ONLY 23 WERE SURVIVED.
  • COMPANY NOT STOPED THE FORTIFICATION SO NAWAB SIRAJ-UD-DAULAH CAPTURED FORT SAINT WILLIAM ON 15th JUNE 1756 AD.
  • THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY FOUGHT BETWEEN NAWAB OF BENGAL SIRAJ-UD-DAULAH AND ROBERT CLIVE IN 23rd JUNE 1757 AD.
  • IN THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY NAWAB SIRAJ-UD-DAULAH WAS DEFEATED BECAUSE HIS MILITARY GENERAL MIR JAFAR CHEATED HIM.
  • SIRAJ-UD-DAULAH WAS ASSASSINATED BY MIRAAN (SON OF MIR JAFAR).
  • MIR MADAN AND MOHAN LAL WERE THE LOYAL GENERALS OF SIRAJ-UD-DAULAH.
  • MIR JAFAR BECAME THE NEXT NAWAB AS THE COMPANY PROMISED HIM.
  • IN 1760 AD COMPANY DISPLACED MIR JAFAR WITH MIR QASIM(SON-IN-LAW OF MIR JAFAR).
  • MIR QASIM TRANSFERRED HIS CAPITAL FROM MURSHIDABAD TO MUNGER (MUGDALPUR).
  • THE BATTLE OF BUXAR 1764 AD WAS FOUGHT BETWEEN MIR QASIM, SHUJAUDAULAF (NAWAB OF AWADH), SHAH ALAM-II (MUGHAL EMPEROR), AND THE EAST INDIA COMPANY.
  • THE BATTLE OF BUXAR WAS WON BY A COMPANY LED BY HECTOR MUNROE (MILITARY GENERAL).
  • AFTER THE BATTLE OF BUXAR MIR JAFAR WAS ONCE AGAIN APPOINTED AS NAWAB OF BENGAL BY THE COMPANY. HE DIED IN 1765 AD.
  • ON 12th AUGUST 1765 AD MUGHAL EMPEROR ISSUED A ROYAL ORDER AND GAVE THE DIWANI RIGHT(REVENUE COLLECTION) OF BENGAL, BIHAR, AND ODISHA TO EAST INDIA COMPANY PERMANENTLY.
  • THE COMPANY ACCEPTED TO GIVE 26 LAKHS ANNUALLY TO MUGHAL EMPEROR.
  • IN 1765 AD ROBERT CLIVE ESTABLISHED DUAL RULE IN BENGAL. IT CONTINUED TILL 1772 AD.
  • JAGAT SETH WAS THE CHIEF BANKER OF BENGAL.

SIKH STATE AND THE BRITISH-

10 GURUS OF SIKH-

GURU NANAK (1469-1539 AD)- I

  • SIKH RELIGION WAS ESTABLISHED BY BABA GURU NANAK.
  • GURU NANAK WAS BORN ON 1469 AD.
  • GURU NANAK WAS CONTEMPORARY TO BABUR AND HUMAYUN.
  • GURU NANAK STARTED FREE MESS SERVICE(LANGER).
  • GURU NANAK ESTABLISHED SANGAT (DHARMSALA) AND PANGAT (LANGER).
  • THESE SANGAT AND PANGAT PLAY A ROLE OF A ORGANISATION WHERE PEOPLE MET REGULARLY.
  • GURU NANAK WAS DIED IN 1539 AD IN KARTARPUR.

GURU ANGAD (1539-52 AD)- II

  • GURU ANGAD WAS THE SECOND GURU OF SIKH. HIS EARLIER NAME WAS LEHNA.
  • GURUMUKHI SCRIPT(PANJABI) WAS DEVELOPED BY GURU ANGAD.
  • HE MADE THE LANGER SYSTEM PERMANENT.

GURU AMAR DAS (1552-74 AD)- III

  • GURU AMARDAS WAS THE THIRD GURU OF SIKH.
  • HE MADE MANY EFFORTS TO SEPARATE FROM HINDUS.
  • HE PROMOTE LAVAN MARRIGE SYSTEM. IT WAS DIFFERENT FROM HINDUS.
  • AKBAR VISITED GOVINDVAL AND MET GURU AMARDAS.
  • AKBAR DONATED SEVERAL VILLAGES TO GURU’S DAUGHTER BIBI BHANI.

GURU RAM DAS (1574-81 AD)- IV

  • GURU RAMDAS (HUSBAND OF BIBI) WAS THE FOURTH GURU OF SIKH.
  • HE CONSTRUCTED A RESERVOIR NAMED AMRITSAR.
  • HE FOUNDED THE CITY OF AMRITSAR.
  • AKBAR DONATED 500 BIGHAS LAND TO HIM.
  • HE MADE GURUPAD PATERNAL.

GURU ARJUN DEV (1581-1605 AD)- V

  • GURU ARJUN DEV WAS THE 5th GURU OF SIKH.
  • HE WAS THE 3rd SON OF GURU RAMDAS.
  • GURU RAMDAS ENTRUSTED HIM WITH GURUPAD.
  • HE COMPILED ADIGRANTH A RELIGIOUS TEXT OF THE SIKH.
  • HE CONSTRUCTED HARMANDER SAHIB (GOLDEN TEMPLE) IN THE CENTER OF AMRITSAR RESERVOIR.
  • GURU ARJUN DEV WAS ASSASSINATED IN 1606 AD BY JAHANGIR IN THE CHARGE TO HELP MUGHAL PRINCE KHUSROO.

GURU HARGOBIND SINGH (1606-1644 AD)- VI

  • GURU GOBIND SINGH WAS THE 6th GURU OF SIKH.
  • HE TRANSFORMED SIKH INTO A MILITARY ORGANISATION.
  • HE CONSTRUCTED THE AKAL-TAKHT (THRONE OF POWER OR AUTHORITY).
  • HE SAT ON THE THRONE WITH TWO SWORDS TIED WITH HIM.
  • HE HAD MADE ARRANGEMENTS TO RING DRUMS IN THE ROYAL COURT.
  • HE FORTIFIED THE CITY OF AMRITSAR.
  • HE CALLED HIMSELF SACHCHA BADSHAH.
  • HE TOLD THAT NOW ‘GURUVANI‘ SERVES AS GURU.
  • HE PERMITTED SIKHS TO EAT NON-VEG FOOD.

GURU HAR RAI (1644-61 AD)- VII

  • GURU HAR RAI WAS THE 7th GURU OF SIKHS.

GURU HAR KISHAN (1661-64 AD)- VIII

  • GURU HAR KISHAN WAS THE 8th GURU OF SIKHS.
  • HE DIED DUE TO CHICKENPOX DISEASE.

GURU TEG BAHADUR (1664-75 AD)-IX

  • GURU TEG BAHADUR (1664-75 AD) WAS THE 9th GURU OF SIKHS.
  • EMPEROR AURANGZEB ASSASSINATED GURU TEG BAHADUR ON 11th NOVEMBER 1675 AD FOR NOT ACCEPTING ISLAM.
  • GURUDWARA SHISHGANJ SAHIB WAS CONSTRUCTED BY BAGHEL SINGH IN 1783 AD IN HIS MEMORY.

GURU GOBIND SINGH (1675-1708 AD)- X

  • GURU GOBIND SINGH (1675-1708 AD) WAS THE 10th AND LAST GURU OF GURU TRADITION.
  • HE WAS BORN IN 1666 AD IN PATNA (BIHAR).
  • HE DECLARED HIMSELF AS SACHCHA BADSHAH.
  • HE MADE FIVE KAKAR’S COMPULSORY FOR EVERY SIKH.
  • THE FIVE KAKARS WERE- KESH (UNCUT HAIR) KANGHA (A WOODEN COMB) KIRPAN (SWORD) KACHCHA (COTTON UNDERWEAR) KADA (A STEEL BRACELET).
  • HE TOLD SIKHS TO ADD ‘SINGH‘ AFTER THEIR NAME.
  • HIS RESIDENCE WAS ANANDPUR SAHIB.
  • HIS TWO SONS FATEH SINGH AND JORAWAR SINGH WERE BRICKED ALIVE IN 1704 AD BY WAZIR KHAN A MUGHAL FAUZDAR OF SIRHIND.
  • HE ESTABLISHED KHALSA PANTH IN 1699 AD ON THE DAY OF VAISHAKHI.
  • HE STARTED PAHUL SYSTEM IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS AMRIT SANSKAR. IT IS A INITIATION CEREMONY INTO THE KHALSA ‘BROTHERHOOD’.
  • GURU GOVIND SINGH WAS ASSASSINATED BY WAZIR KHAN’S ASSASSINS NAMED JAMSHED KHAN AND WASIL BEG, THEY STABBED GURU IN HIS SLEEP IN NANDED (MAHARASHTRA) IN 1708 AD.

BANDA BAHADUR (1708-16 AD)-

  • BANDA BAHADUR- WAS BORN IN RAJAULI VILLAGE OF POONCH DISTRICT IN 1670 AD.
  • HIS CHILDHOOD NAME WAS LAXMANDAS.
  • HIS FATHER WAS RAMDEV BHARADWAJ AND HE WAS A RAJPUT.
  • HIS AMBITION WAS TO ESTABLISH A SIKH STATE IN PUNJAB.
  • HE MADE LOHGARH AS HIS CAPITAL.
  • HE MINTS COINS IN THE NAME OF GURU NANAK AND GURU GOVIND SINGH.
  • HE KILLED WAZIR KHAN GOVERNOR OF SIRHIND. WHO WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF GURU GOVIND SINGH TWO SONS.
  • BAND BAHADUR KILLED THOUSANDS OF MUGHAL SOLDIERS IN SHAHDARA (KATLGADI).
  • BANDA WAS ASSASSINATED BY FARRUKHSIYAR IN 1716 AD IN GURDASPUR.

AKAL-TAKHT-

  • AKAL-TAKHT MEANS SEAT OF POWER OR AUTHORITY.
  • IT IS LOCATED IN THE HARMANDIR SAHIB COMPLEX IN AMRITSAR.
  • IT IS ORIGINALLY KNOWN AS AKAL BUNGA.
  • IT WAS FOUNDED BY GURU HAR GOVIND.
  • IT IS THE HIGHEST SEAT OF AUTHORITY OF KHALSA.
  • ITS HEAD IS KNOWN AS JATHEDAR.
  • HARI SINGH NALWA MILITARY GENERAL OF MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH DECORATED THE AKAL TAKHT WITH GOLD.

JATHEDARS-

BHAI GURDAS (1618-36 AD)-

  • HE WAS THE 1st JATHEDAR OF AKAL-TAKHT.
  • HE WAS THE SON OF ISHAR DAS JI (COUSIN OF GURU AMAR DAS).
  • GURU RAM DAS GAVE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF A ‘SIKH MISSIONARY’ TO BHAI GURDAS AT AGRA.
  • BHAI GURDAS COMPLETED THE ADI-GRANTH IN 1604 AD IN THE DIRECTION OF GURU ARJUN DEV.

BHAI MANI SINGH (1721-37 AD)-

  • HE WAS THE 2nd JATHEDAR OF AKAL-TAKHT.
  • HE WAS A FRIEND OF GURU GOVIND SINGH SINCE CHILDHOOD.
  • ON THE ORDER OF GURU GOBIND SINGH HE TAKES CHARGE OF HARMANDER SAHIB.

BABA DARBARA SINGH (1722-34 AD)-

  • HE WAS THE 3rd JATHEDAR OF AKAL-TAKHT.
  • HE WAS IN THE SERVICE OF GURU GOVIND SINGH FOR 16 YEARS.

NAWAB KAPUR SINGH (1737-53 AD)-

  • HE WAS THE 4th JATHEDAR OF AKAL-TAKHT.
  • SIKHS WERE DIVIDED INTO MANY GROUPS AFTER BANDA’S DEATH.
  • ON THE INITIATION OF NAWAB KAPUR SINGH ALL SIKH GROUPS WERE MERGED INTO DAL KHALSA IN 1748 AD.
  • IN 1733 AD THE MUGHAL GOVERNOR OF LAHORE ZAKARIYA KHAN WANTED ACCESS TO HARMANDIR SAHIB (AMRITSAR).
  • ZAKARIYA KHAN OFFERED SIKHS A JAGIR AND THE TITLE OF NAWAB TO THEIR LEADER.
  • AFTER A DISCUSSION AT SHARBAT KHALSA, KAPUR SINGH WAS ELECTED AS THE LEADER OF SIKHS AND GAVE THEM THE TITLE OF NAWAB.
  • HE COMBINED ALL SIKH MILITIAS (CIVILIAN SOLDIERS) GROUPS AND DIVIDED THEM INTO ONLY TWO GROUPS- THE TARUNA DAL (MEMBERS BELOW THE AGE OF 40 YEARS) AND THE BUDDHA DAL (MEMBERS ABOVE THE AGE OF 40 YEARS).
  • THE TARUNA DAL WAS FURTHER DIVIDED INTO 5 JATHAS, AND EACH JATHA CONTAINS 1300-200 PERSONS.
  • THE TARUNA DAL WAS WORKS AS A COMBAT FORCE.
  • THE WORK OF THE BUDDHA DAL WAS TO TRAIN THE TARUNA DAL AND PROTECT GURUDWARAS.
  • THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN KAPUR SINGH AND ZAKARIYA KHAN BROKE DOWN IN 1735 AD.

JASSA SINGH AHLUWALIA (1753-83 AD)-

  • HE WAS THE 5th JATHEDAR OF AKAL-TAKHT.
  • HE WAS THE MISLDAR OF AHLUWALIA MISL.
  • LATER DAL KHALSA WAS DIVIDED INTO 12 GROUPS AND EACH GROUP WAS KNOWN AS MISL.
  • MISL IS A ARABIC WORD THAT MEANS EQUAL.
  • LATER THE LEADERSHIP OF DAL KHALSA WAS FALL IN THE HANDS OF JASSA SINGH AHLUWALIA.

12 SIKH MISLS-

  • THE MISLS WERE THE 12 SOVEREIGN STATES OF SIKH CONFEDERACY EXISTS DURING THE 18th CENTURY.
  • THESE MISLS HAD UNEQUAL POWER, WEALTH, AND RESOURCES.
  • THESE MISLS ALWAYS TRIED TO EXPAND THEIR TERRITORIES TO INCREASE THEIR POWER.
  • SHARBAT KHALSA WAS A BIANNUAL ASSEMBLY HELD AT AMRITSAR FOR THE MATTERS OF LEGISLATURES, MISLS, DAL KHALSA, AND THE SIKH EMPIRE.
  • 12 MISLS ARE- 1)SUKERCHAKIA 2)BHANGI 3)AHLUWALIA 4)PHULKIAN 5)KANHAIYA 6)RAMGARHIA 7)SINGHPURIA 8)PANJGARHIA 9)DALLEWALIA 10)NISHANVALI 11)NAKAI 12)SHAHEEDAN

MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH-

  • RANJIT SINGH- WAS BORN IN 1780 AD AT GUJRANWALA.
  • HE WAS ALSO KNOWN AS SHER-E-PUNJAB.
  • HE WAS THE FIRST MAHARAJA OF THE SIKH EMPIRE.
  • HIS FATHER WAS MAHA SINGH AND HE WAS HEAD OF SUKERCHAKIA MISL.
  • HIS GRANDFATHER CHARAT SINGH EFFORTS GAVE SUKERCHAKIA MISL A PROMINENT PLACE IN 12 MISLS.
  • RAJA RANJIT SINGH SUCCESSFULLY MERGED ALL SIKH MISLS AND TOOK OVER OTHER KINGDOMS TO CREATE SIKH EMPIRE.
  • RANJIT SINGH BECAME THE RULER OF LAHORE IN 1798-99 AD.
  • HIS EMPIRE WAS DIVIDED INTO 4 PROVINCES- PESHAWAR, KASHMIR, MULTAN, AND LAHORE.
  • HE DIED IN 7th JUNE 1839 AD.

MAHARAJA DALIP SINGH-

  • MAHARAJA DALIP SINGH YOUNGEST SON OF RANJIT SINGH BECAME THE RULER OF PUNJAB IN 1843 AD AT THE AGE OF FIVE.
  • MAHARAJA DALIP SINGH WAS THE LAST RULER OF THE SIKH EMPIRE.
  • RANI JIND KAUR (RANI JINDA) MOTHER OF DALIP SINGH BECAME THE GUARDIAN OF DALIP SINGH FROM 1843- 46 AD.

FIRST ANGLO SIKH WAR (1845-46 AD)-

  • ANARCHY WAS EXISTS IN SIKH EMPIRE AFTER THE DEATH OF MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH.
  • KHALSA ARMY WAS THE MOST POWERFUL AT THAT TIME.
  • FIRST ANGLO SIKH WAS FOUGHT IN 1845-46 AD.
  • SIKH WAS DEFEATED IN THIS WAR.
  • DUE TO THE FEAR OF THE KHALSA ARMY SOME SELFISH SIKH COURTIERS PLAYOFF KHALSA WITH THE BRITISH ARMY.
  • SIKH WAS DEFEATED AND THE GUARDIANSHIP OF DALIP SINGH WAS TAKEN FROM RANI JIND KAUR.
  • ALL RULING RIGHTS WERE GIVEN TO SIKH COUNCIL.
  • IN 1847 AD 48000/- ANNUAL PENSION WAS GIVEN TO MAHARANI JIND KAUR AND RAJA DALIP SINGH AND SENT TO SHEKHPURA.

SECOND ANGLO SIKH WAR (1849 AD)-

  • SECOND ANGLO SIKH WAS FOUGHT IN 1849 AD-
  • SIKH WAS DEFEATED IN THIS WAR.
  • IN 1849 AD 50000/- POUND ANNUAL PENSION WAS GIVEN TO MAHARAJA DALIP SINGH AND SENT TO ENGLAND FOR EDUCATION.
  • THE FAMOUS KOHINOOR DIAMOND WAS TAKEN FROM MAHARAJA DALIP SINGH AND SENT TO QUEEN VICTORIA IN ENGLAND.
  • FINALLY ON 29th MARCH 1849 LORD DALHOUSIE ANNEXED PUNJAB IN BRITISH EMPIRE.