THE MAKING OF THE GLOBAL A WORLD

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RINDERPEST, OR THE CATTLE PLAGUE–
  • Rinderpestarrived in Africa in the late 1880s.
  • It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa.
  • Entering Africa in the east, rinderpest moved west ‘like a forest fire’, reaching Africa’s Atlantic coast in 1892.
  • It reached the Cape (Africa’s southernmost tip) five years later.
  • Along the way, rinderpest killed 90% of the cattle.
  • The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods.
  • Planters, mine owners, and colonial governments now successfully monopolised what scarce cattle resources remained
  • to strengthen their power and to force Africans into the labour market.

Indentured Labour Migration from India–

  • In the 19th century, thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers went to work on plantations,
  • THESE PEOPLE WORKED in mines, in road and railway construction projects around the world.
  • In India, indentured labourers were hired under contracts that promised return travel to India.
  • THEY PROMISED TO RETURN after they had worked five years on their employer’s plantation.

MOST INDIAN INDENTURED WORKERS CAME FROM THE PRESENT-DAY REGIONS OF-

  • eastern Uttar Pradesh Bihar central India the dry districts of Tamil Nadu.

REASONS FOR WORKER’S MIGRATION– IN THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY THESE REGIONS EXPERIENCED MANY CHANGES–

  • cottage industries declined.
  • land rents increased.
  • lands were cleared for mines and plantations.
  • they failed to pay their rents.
  • BECAME DEEPLY INDEBTED ALL THIS AFFECTED THE LIVES OF THE POOR AND WERE FORCED TO MIGRATE IN SEARCH OF WORK.

THE MAIN DESTINATIONS OF INDIAN INDENTURED MIGRANTS WERE-

  • the Caribbean islands (mainly Trinidad, Guyana, and Surinam), Mauritius, and Fiji.
  • Closer home, Tamil migrants went to Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Malaya.
  • Indentured workers were also recruited for tea plantations in Assam.

DEVELOPED NEW FORMS OF INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE SELF-EXPRESSION, BLENDING DIFFERENT CULTURAL FORMS, OLD AND NEW.

  • In Trinidad, the annual Muharram procession was transformed into a carnival called ‘Hosay’ (for Imam Hussain) in which workers of all races and religions joined.
  • Similarly, the protest religion of Rastafarianism (made famous by the Jamaican reggae star Bob Marley) is also said to reflect social and cultural links with Indian migrants to the Caribbean.
  •  ‘Chutney music’, popular in Trinidad and Guyana,
  • These forms of cultural fusion are part of the making of the global world, where things from different places get mixed, lose their original characteristics, and become something entirely new.

MASS PRODUCTION–

  • A well-known pioneer of mass production was the car manufacturer Henry Ford.
  • He adapted the assembly line to his new car plant in Detroit.
  • He realised that the ‘assembly line’ method would allow a faster and cheaper way of producing vehicles.
  • The assembly line forced workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continuously – such as fitting a particular part to the car.
  • Ford banned trade unions from operating in his plants.

THE GREAT DEPRESSION–

  • The depression was caused by a combination of several factors.
  • First: agriculture over-production remained a problem. This was made worse by falling agricultural prices.
  • As prices slumped and agricultural incomes declined, farmers tried to expand production and bring a larger volume of produce to the market to maintain their overall income.
  • in the mid-1920s, many countries financed their investments through loans from the US.
  • The withdrawal of US loans affected much of the rest of the world.

THE BRETTON WOODS INSTITUTIONS-

  • the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference was held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA.
  • The Bretton Woods conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations.
  • The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development(popularly known as the World Bank) was established to finance post-war reconstruction.
  • The IMF and the World Bank are known as the Bretton woods twins.           

G-77 –

  • The IMF and the World Bank were designed to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries.
  • They were not equipped to cope with the challenge of poverty and lack of development in the former colonies.
  • as Europe and Japan rapidly rebuilt their economies, they grew less dependent on the IMF and the World Bank.
  • Thus from the late 1950S, the Bretton Woods institutions began to shift their attention more toward developing countries.

NIEO (NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER): MEANT A SYSTEM THAT WOULD GIVE THEM-

  • real control over their natural resources,
  • more development assistance,
  • fairer prices for raw materials,
  • better access to their manufactured goods in developed countries markets.

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